Combination therapy with peptide epoxyketones

ABSTRACT

The invention provides combination therapy, wherein one or more other therapeutic agents are administered agents are administered with peptide epoxyketones or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another aspect of the invention relates to treating cancer with a peptide epoxyketone administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/196,945 filed on Oct. 21, 2008, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In eukaryotes, protein degradation is predominately mediated through the ubiquitin pathway in which proteins targeted for destruction are ligated to the 76 amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin. Once targeted, ubiquitinated proteins then serve as substrates for the 26S proteasome, a multicatalytic protease, which cleaves proteins into short peptides through the action of its three major proteolytic activities. While having a general function in intracellular protein turnover, proteasome-mediated degradation also plays a key role in many processes such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation, apoptosis, cell division, and NF-κB activation.

The 20S proteasome is a 700 kDa cylindrical-shaped multicatalytic protease complex comprised of 28 subunits organized into four rings that plays important roles in cell growth regulation, major histocompatibility complex class I presentation, apoptosis, antigen processing, NF-κB activation, and transduction of pro-inflammatory signals. In yeast and other eukaryotes, 7 different α subunits form the outer rings and 7 different β subunits comprise the inner rings. The α subunits serve as binding sites for the 19S (PA700) and 11S (PA28) regulatory complexes, as well as a physical barrier for the inner proteolytic chamber formed by the two β subunit rings. Thus, in vivo, the proteasome is believed to exist as a 26S particle (“the 26S proteasome”). In vivo experiments have shown that inhibition of the 20S form of the proteasome can be readily correlated to inhibition of 26S proteasome. Cleavage of amino-terminal prosequences of β subunits during particle formation expose amino-terminal threonine residues, which serve as the catalytic nucleophiles. The subunits responsible for catalytic activity in proteasome thus possess an amino terminal nucleophilic residue, and these subunits belong to the family of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases (where the nucleophilic N-terminal residue is, for example, Cys, Ser, Thr, and other nucleophilic moieties). This family includes, for example, penicillin G acylase (PGA), penicillin V acylase (PVA), glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GAT), and bacterial glycosylasparaginase. In addition to the ubiquitously expressed β subunits, higher vertebrates also possess three γ-interferon-inducible β subunits (LMP7, LMP2 and MECL1), which replace their normal counterparts, X, Y and Z respectively, thus altering the catalytic activities of the proteasome. Through the use of different peptide substrates, three major proteolytic activities have been defined for the eukaryote 20S proteasome: chymotrypsin-like activity (CT-L), which cleaves after large hydrophobic residues; trypsin-like activity (T-L), which cleaves after basic residues; and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolyzing activity (PGPH), which cleaves after acidic residues. Two additional less characterized activities have also been ascribed to the proteasome: BrAAP activity, which cleaves after branched-chain amino acids; and SNAAP activity, which cleaves after small neutral amino acids. The major proteasome proteolytic activities appear to be contributed by different catalytic sites, since inhibitors, point mutations in β subunits and the exchange of γ interferon-inducing β subunits alter these activities to various degrees.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to combination therapy, wherein a peptide epoxyketone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered with one or more other therapeutic agents and the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone (e.g., synergistic or additive antitumor effect). Such combination treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment.

Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a peptide epoxyketone with one or more other therapeutic agents and the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone (e.g., synergistic or additive antitumor effect). Such combination treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment.

Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, comprising administering a peptide epoxyketone with one or more other therapeutic agents and the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone (e.g., synergistic or additive antitumor effect). Such combination treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual components of the treatment.

In certain embodiments, the one or more other therapeutic agenet is selected from an HDAC inhibitor, an antibiotic, a taxane, an antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents, a platinum coordination complex, a steroid, an immunomodulator, a topoisomerase inhibitor, an m-TOR inhibitor, and protein kinase inhibitors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a graph of tumor volume over time for mice treated with vehicle, Compound 1, SAHA, or Compound 1 in combination with SAHA after RL cell tumors had reached about 50 mm³ in size.

FIG. 2A shows the dosing schedule for combination therapy with Doxil and Compound 1.

FIG. 2B shows the toxicity study for combination therapy with Doxil and Compound 1, where Doxil is administered at 10 or 20 mg/kg and Compound 1 is adminstered at 5 mg/kg.

FIG. 3 shows colorectal HT29 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Doxil (3 mg/kg), Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and Doxil.

FIG. 4 shows non-small cell lung A549 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Doxil (3 mg/kg), Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and Doxil.

FIG. 5A shows the dosing schedule for combination therapy with docetaxel and Compound 1.

FIG. 5B shows the toxicity study for combination therapy with docetaxel and Compound 1, where docetaxel is administered at 10 mg/kg and Compound 1 is adminstered at 5 mg/kg.

FIG. 6 shows non-small cell lung A549 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), docetaxel (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and docetaxel.

FIG. 7 shows non-small cell lung A549 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (3 mg/kg), docetaxel (3 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and docetaxel.

FIG. 8A shows the dosing schedule for combination therapy with SAHA and Compound 1.

FIG. 8B shows the toxicity study for combination therapy with vorinostat and Compound 1, where SAHA is administered at 50 mg/kg and Compound 1 is adminstered at 3 or 5 mg/kg.

FIG. 9 shows lymphoma RL tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (3 mg/kg), SAHA (50 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and SAHA.

FIG. 10 shows ovarian ES2 tumor size over time for treatment with vehicle, Compound 1 (5 mg/kg), SAHA (50 mg/kg), and a combination of Compound 1 and SAHA.

FIG. 11 shows the effect of a combination of Compound 1 and melphalan on MM1.S cells.

FIG. 12A shows preliminary results of a phase Ib dose escalation study of carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma patients. Within the first three cohorts, seventeen patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not yet reached and no drug-related grade 3 or 4 serious adverse events were reported.

FIG. 12B shows preliminary results of a phase Ib dose escalation study of carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma patients. Responses were durable.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone is selected from a compound of any one of groups 1 to 7. In each of the following groups, the values for various moieties (e.g., for R¹, etc.) are understood to be consistent within a group, but values for one group (e.g., Group 1) do not apply to another group.

Group 1

In one embodiment, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

where X is oxygen, R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl or branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ hydroxy alkyl or branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkoxy alkyl, aryl, and aryl-substituted branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein such groups can further include: amide linkages; amines; carboxylic acids and salts thereof; carboxyl esters, including C₁₋₅ alkyl esters and aryl esters; thiols and thioethers; and R₅ is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, acetyl, or a protecting group, such as N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide synthesis, including t-butoxy carbonyl (BOC), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl(trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonxyl (Troc) and the like. The use of various N-protecting groups, e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (BOC), various coupling reagents, e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HBT), and various cleavage reagents: for example, trifluoroacetic acid; HCL in dioxane; hydrogenation on Pd—C in organic solvents, such as methanol or ethyl acetate; boron tris(trifluoroacetate); and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates is well-known classical peptide methodology.

In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₁ is branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₁ is isobutyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₂ is branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl or aryl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₂ is phenyl, phenylmethyl, or 1-naphthyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₃ is branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl or aryl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₃ is isobutyl, phenyl or 1-naphthyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₄ is branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, and aryl-substituted branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₄ is isobutyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, phenylmethyl, or 2-phenylethyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, where substituents include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C₁₋₅ alkyl. In some embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, R₅ is hydrogen, acetyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

In some preferred embodiments of chymotrypsin-like activity inhibitors, simultaneously, R₁ is isobutyl, R₂ is phenylmethyl, R₃ is isobutyl, and R₄ is 2-phenylethyl, and R₅ is acetyl. The peptide having such values is referred to herein as peptide (b).

In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₁ is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₁ is isobutyl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₂ is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl or aryl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₂ is phenyl, phenylmethyl, or 1-naphthyl. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₃ is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ cyclic alkylene bonded to the R₃ backbone unit. In some embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₃ is ethylene bonded to the amine of the R₃ amino acid backbone, such as would be the case for the amino acid proline. In some optional embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₄ is hydrogen, branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, and aryl-substituted branched or unbranched C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some other optional embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₄ is hydrogen, or isopropyl. In some optional embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, where substituents include halogen, carbonyl, monosubstituted-, disubstituted- or unsubstituted-amino, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C₁₋₅ alkyl. In some optional embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, R₅ is acetyl, N-acetyl-piperidinecarbonyl, N-dimethylaminobenzyl, isooctanoic, or benzoylbenzoic.

In some preferred embodiments of PGPH activity inhibitors, simultaneously, R₁ is isobutyl, R₂ is phenyl, R₃ is ethylene bonded to the R₃ amine of the amino acid backbone, and R₄ is hydrogen, and R₅ is acetyl.

Group 2

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (2) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein each A is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably C═O; or

-   A is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of Z; -   L is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably L is     absent or C═O; -   M is absent or is C₁₋₁₂alkyl, preferably C₁₋₈alkyl; -   Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably Q     is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent or O; -   X is O; -   Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N—C₁₋₆alkyl, S, SO, SO₂,     CHOR¹⁰, and CHCO₂R¹⁰; -   each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably O; or -   Z is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of A; -   R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are each independently selected from optionally     substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, -   C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein     substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of     amide, amine, carboxylic acid (or a salt thereof), ester (including     C₁₋₅ alkyl ester and aryl ester), thiol, or thioether substituents; -   R⁵ is N(R⁶)LQR⁷; -   R⁶, R¹², R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, OH,     C₁₋₆alkyl, and a group of Formula (3); preferably, R⁶ is selected     from hydrogen, OH, and C₁₋₆alkyl, and R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are     independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably     hydrogen;

-   R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl,     aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-,     (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-,     R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH; preferably C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl,     C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl,     R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-,     R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH, wherein each occurrence of Z and A     is independently other than a covalent bond; or -   R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl, ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl,     ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring;     preferably C₁₋₂alkyl-Y—C₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl,     A-C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl, A-C₁₋₃alkyl-A, or C₁₋₄alkyl-A, wherein     each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent     bond; -   R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation,     C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and     C₁₋₆alkyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ together are C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a     ring; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably C₁₋₆alkyl; -   R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl,     C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl;

R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and

R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, or R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ together represent C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a ring;

-   provided that when R⁶, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are H or CH₃, and Q is     absent, LR⁷ is not hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkylC═O, a further     chain of amino acids, t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz),     fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl(trityl),     benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc); or     substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl; and -   in any occurrence of the sequence ZAZ, at least one member of the     sequence must be other than a covalent bond.

In certain embodiments, when R⁶ is H, L is C═O, and Q is absent, R⁷ is not hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, when R⁶ is H and Q is absent, R⁷ is not a protecting group such as those described in Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, 1999 or Kocieński, P. J., “Protecting Groups”, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1994.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are selected from C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆aralkyl. In preferred embodiments, R² and R⁴ are C₁₋₆alkyl and R¹ and R³ are C₁₋₆aralkyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R² and R⁴ are isobutyl, R¹ is 2-phenylethyl, and R³ is phenylmethyl.

In certain embodiments, L and Q are absent and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁷ is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.

In other embodiments, L is SO₂, Q is absent, and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is selected from methyl and phenyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-, R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH—, wherein each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent bond. In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is H.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is absent, and L is C═O. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.

In other embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.

In other embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁷ is aryl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent or O, n is 0 or 1, and R⁷ is —(CH₂)_(n) carbocyclyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.

In certain embodiments, L and A are C═O, Q is absent, Z is O, n is an integer from 1 to 8 (preferably 1), and R⁷ is selected from R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, and heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, wherein each occurrence of A is independently other than a covalent bond. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R¹²)(R¹³), wherein R¹² and R¹³ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl, thereby forming a ring.

In certain preferred embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, n is an integer from 1 to 8, and R⁷ is selected from (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂NC₁₋₈alkyl, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺(CH₂)_(n)—, and heterocyclyl-M-. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is —C₁₋₈alkylN(R¹⁰)₂ or —C₁₋₈alkylN⁺(R¹⁰)₃, where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆alkyl. In certain other such embodiments, R⁷ is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl. In other embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, where C₁₋₆alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl. In further embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl, where aralkyl is phenylmethyl. In other embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, where heteroaralkyl is (4-pyridyl)methyl.

In certain embodiments, L is absent or is C═O, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, wherein each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent bond, thereby forming a ring. In certain preferred embodiments, L is C═O, Q and Y are absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and Q are absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L is C═O, Q is absent, Y is selected from NH and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L is C═O, Y is absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and A are C═O, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and A are C═O and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₂₋₃alkyl-A.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (2) has the following stereochemistry:

In preferred embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (4) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein each A is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably C═O; or

-   A is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of Z; -   L is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably L is     absent or C═O; -   M is absent or is C₁₋₁₂alkyl, preferably C₁₋₈alkyl; -   Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably Q     is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent or O; -   X is O; -   Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N—C₁₋₆alkyl, S, SO, SO₂,     CHOR¹⁰, and CHCO₂R¹⁰; -   each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably O; or -   Z is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of A; -   R² and R⁴ are each independently selected from optionally     substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and     C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited     to, one or more of amide, amine, carboxylic acid (or a salt     thereof), ester (including C₁₋₅ alkyl ester and aryl ester), thiol,     or thioether substituents; -   R⁵ is N(R⁶)LQR⁷; -   R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably     C₁₋₆alkyl; -   R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl,     aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-,     (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-,     R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH; preferably C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl,     C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl,     R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-,     R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH, wherein each occurrence of Z and A     is independently other than a covalent bond; or -   R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl, ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl,     ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring;     preferably C₁₋₂alkyl-Y—C₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl,     A-C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl, A-C₁₋₃alkyl-A, or C₁₋₄alkyl-A, wherein     each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent     bond; -   R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation,     C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and     C₁₋₆alkyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ together are C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a     ring; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably C₁₋₆alkyl; and -   R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl,     C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, -   provided that when R⁶ is H or CH₃ and Q is absent, LR⁷ is not     hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkylC═O, a further chain of amino     acids, t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz),     fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl(trityl),     benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc); or     substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl; and -   in any occurrence of the sequence ZAZ, at least one member of the     sequence must be other than a covalent bond.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, R⁶ is H, and R² and R⁴ are selected from C₁₋₆alkyl and C₁₋₆aralkyl. In preferred such embodiments, R² and R⁴ are C₁₋₆alkyl. In the most preferred such embodiment, R² and R⁴ are isobutyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, R⁶ is H, R² and R⁴ are isobutyl, and R⁷ is heterocyclylM-, where the heterocycle is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, such as piperazino (including N-(lower alkyl)piperazino), morpholino, and piperidino. In preferred such embodiments, M is CH₂.

Group 3

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (5) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

wherein

X is O;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (6), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is a group of Formula (6);

R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether;

R⁹ is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, C₁₋₆acyl, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, where substituents may include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C₁₋₆alkyl;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, or R¹² and R¹³ together represent C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a ring; and

L is absent or is selected from —CO₂ or —C(═S)O.

Suitable N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide syntheses, include t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) and the like. The use of various N-protecting groups, e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (Boc), various coupling reagents, e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBT), and various cleavage conditions: for example, trifluoracetic acid (TFA), HCl in dioxane, hydrogenation on Pd—C in organic solvents (such as methanol or ethyl acetate), boron tris(trifluoroacetate), and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates are well-known in the art of peptide synthesis, and are equally applicable to the preparation of the subject compounds.

In some embodiments, any two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen and any two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ have a structure of Formula (6). In preferred embodiments any three of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen and any one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ has a structure of Formula (6). In certain preferred embodiments, R¹ has a structure of Formula (6) and R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆aralkyl. In preferred embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁵ and R⁷ are C₁₋₆aralkyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R⁶ and R⁸ are isobutyl, R⁵ is 2-phenylethyl, and R⁷ is phenylmethyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆acyl, or a protecting group. In preferred embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen or acetyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R⁹ is acetyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R¹⁰ is hydrogen and R¹¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment, R¹⁰ is hydrogen and R¹¹ is methyl. In another preferred embodiment, both R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ are C₁₋₆alkyl, metal cation, or C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ are selected from benzyl, tert-butyl, and sodium cation. In more preferred embodiments, both R¹² and R¹³ are benzyl or tert-butyl. In the most preferred embodiment, at least one of R¹² and R¹³ is a sodium cation.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (5) has the following stereochemistry:

In preferred embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (7) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

X is O;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (6), with the proviso that at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is a group of Formula (6);

R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxy alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether;

R⁹ is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, acyl, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, where substituents may include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and C₁₋₆alkyl. Suitable N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide syntheses, include t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) and the like; and

In some embodiments, any two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen and any two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ have a structure of Formula (6). In preferred embodiments any three of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen and any one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ has a structure of Formula (6). In certain preferred embodiments, R¹ has a structure of Formula (6) and R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆aralkyl. In preferred embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are C₁₋₆alkyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R⁶ and R⁸ are isobutyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆acyl, or a protecting group. In preferred embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen or acetyl. In the most preferred embodiment, R⁹ is acetyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R¹⁰ is hydrogen and R¹¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment, R¹⁰ is hydrogen and R¹¹ is methyl. In another preferred embodiment, both R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ are C₁₋₆alkyl, metal cation, or C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ are selected from benzyl, tert-butyl, and sodium cation. In more preferred embodiments, both R¹² and R¹³ are benzyl or tert-butyl. In the most preferred embodiment, at least one of R¹² and R¹³ is a sodium cation.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are C₁₋₆alkyl. In preferred embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are isobutyl. In preferred embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen or acetyl. In the most preferred embodiments, R⁹ is acetyl. In a preferred embodiment, R¹⁰ is hydrogen and R¹¹ is methyl. In another preferred embodiment, both R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ are C₁₋₆alkyl, metal cation, or C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ are selected from benzyl, tert-butyl, and sodium cation. In more preferred embodiments, both R¹² and R¹³ are benzyl or tert-butyl. In the most preferred embodiment, at least one of R¹² and R¹³ is a sodium cation.

Group 4

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (8) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

-   each A is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably     C═O; -   each B is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably     C═O; -   D is absent or is C₁₋₈alkyl; -   G is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl; -   K is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably K is     absent or is C═O; -   L is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably L is     absent or C═O; -   M is absent or is C₁₋₈alkyl; -   Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably Q     is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent; -   X is O; -   each V is independently absent or is selected from O, S, NH, and     N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably V is absent or O; -   W is absent or is independently selected from O, S, NH, and     N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably O; -   Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N—C₁₋₆alkyl, S, SO, SO₂,     CHOR¹⁰, and CHCO₂R¹⁰; -   each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably O; -   R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and     R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-, wherein at least one of R¹ and R³ is     R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-; -   R⁵ is N(R⁶)LQR⁷; -   R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably     C₁₋₆alkyl; -   R⁷ is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, a protecting group,     aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with     halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, C₁₋₅alkyl; or R⁷ is     selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-,     carbocyclylM-, R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH; or -   R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, A-C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, A-C₁₋₆alkyl-A, or     C₁₋₆alkyl-A, preferably C₁₋₂alkyl-Y—C₁₋₂alkyl,     C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl, A-C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl, A-C₁₋₃alkyl-A, or     C₁₋₄alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring, preferably R⁶ is hydrogen and     R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl; -   R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation,     C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and     C₁₋₆alkyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ together are C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a     ring; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably C₁₋₆alkyl; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, OR¹⁰, C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋heteroaralkyl; -   R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen, (R¹⁵O)(R¹⁶O)P(═O)W—, R¹⁵GB—,     heterocyclyl-, (R¹⁷)₂N—, (R¹⁷)₃N⁺—, R¹⁷SO₂ GBG-, and R¹⁵GBC₁₋₈alkyl-     where the C₁₋₈alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH,     C₁₋₈alkylW (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably     fluorine), aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and     C₁₋₆aralkyl, preferably at least one occurrence of R¹⁴ is other than     hydrogen; -   R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation,     C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and     C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ together are C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a     ring; and -   each R¹⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen, OR¹⁰, C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl; -   provided that when R₆ is H, L is C═O, and Q is absent, R⁷ is not     hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or     heteroaryl; and -   D, G, V, K, and W are selected such that there are no O—O, N—O, S—N,     or S—O bonds.

Suitable N-terminal protecting groups known in the art of peptide syntheses, include t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) and trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) and the like. The use of various N-protecting groups, e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (Boc), various coupling reagents, e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBT), and various cleavage conditions: for example, trifluoracetic acid (TFA), HCl in dioxane, hydrogenation on Pd—C in organic solvents (such as methanol or ethyl acetate), boron tris(trifluoroacetate), and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates are well-known in the art of peptide synthesis, and are equally applicable to the preparation of the subject compounds.

In certain embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl- wherein at least one of R¹ and R³ is R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-. In preferred embodiments, one of R¹ and R³ is C₁₋₆aralkyl and the other is R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-, and R² and R⁴ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl. In the most preferred embodiment, one of R¹ and R³ is 2-phenylethyl or phenylmethyl and the other is R¹⁴DVKOCH₂— or R¹⁴DVKO(CH₃)CH—, and both R² and R⁴ are isobutyl.

In certain embodiments, each R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments, each R¹⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments, L and Q are absent and R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, a further chain of amino acids, C₁₋₆acyl, a protecting group, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁷ is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.

In other embodiments, L is SO₂, Q is absent, and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is selected from methyl and phenyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-, R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH—. In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is H.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is absent, and L is C═O. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.

In other embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.

In other embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁷ is aryl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent or O, and R⁷ is —(CH₂)_(n) carbocyclyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.

In certain embodiments, L and A are C═O, Q is absent, Z is O, and R⁷ is selected from R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, and heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R¹²)(R¹³), wherein R¹² and R¹³ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl, thereby forming a ring.

In certain preferred embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is selected from (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂NC₁₋₈alkyl, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺(CH₂)_(n)—, and heterocyclyl-M-. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is —C₁₋₈alkylN(R¹⁰)₂ or —C₁₋₈alkylN⁺(R¹⁰)₃, where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆alkyl. In certain other such embodiments, R⁷ is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino. In certain embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C₁₋₆araalkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaraalkyl. In other embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, where C₁₋₆alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl. In further embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl, where aralkyl is phenylmethyl. In other embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, where heteroaralkyl is (4-pyridyl)methyl.

In certain embodiments, L is absent or is C═O, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring. In certain preferred embodiments, L is C═O, Q and Y are absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and Q are absent, and R⁶ and

R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L is C═O, Q is absent, Y is selected from NH and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L is C═O, Y is absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and A are C═O, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and A are C═O and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₂₋₃alkyl-A.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is (R¹⁵O)(R¹⁶O)P(═O)W—. In certain such embodiments, D, V, K, and W are absent. In other such embodiments, V and K are absent, D is C₁₋₈alkyl, and W is O. In yet other such embodiments, D is C₁₋₈alkyl, K is C═O, and V and W are O.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is R¹⁵GB—. In preferred embodiments, B is C═O, G is O, D is C₁₋₈alkyl, V is O, and K is C═O.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is heterocyclyl-. In preferred such embodiments, D is C₁₋₈alkyl. In certain such embodiments, V is O, K is C═O, and heterocyclyl is oxodioxolenyl. In other such embodiments, V is absent, K is absent or is C═O, and heterocyclyl is N(R¹⁸)(R¹⁹), where R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are J-T-J, J-WB-J, or B-J-T-J, T is absent or is selected from O, NR¹⁷, S, SO, SO₂, CHOR¹⁷, CHCO₂R¹⁵, C═O, CF₂, and CHF, and J is absent or is C₁₋₃alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is (R¹⁷)₂N— or (R¹⁷)₃N⁺—, and preferably V is absent. In preferred such embodiments, D is C₁₋₈alkyl and K is absent or C═O. In certain embodiments where V is absent and R¹⁴ is (R¹⁷)₂N—, D is absent K is absent or is C═O, preferably K is C═O.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is R¹⁷SO₂GBG-. In preferred such embodiments, B is C═O, D, V, and K are absent, and G is NH or NC₁₋₆alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is R¹⁵GBC₁₋₈alkyl-. In preferred embodiments, B is C═O, G is O, and the C₁₋₈alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH, C₁₋₈alkyl (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably fluorine), C₁₋₈alkylW, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain such embodiments, the C₁₋₈alkyl moiety is an unsubstituted, mono-, or disubstituted C₁alkyl.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (8) has the following stereochemistry:

In certain preferred embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (9) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

-   each A is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably     C═O; -   each B is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably     C═O; -   D is absent or is C₁₋₈alkyl; -   G is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl; -   K is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably K is     absent or is -   C═O; -   L is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂, preferably L is     absent or C═O; -   M is absent or is C₁₋₈alkyl; -   Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably Q     is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent or O; -   X is O; -   each V is independently absent or is selected from O, S, NH, and     N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably V is absent or O; -   W is absent or is independently selected from O, S, NH, and     N—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably O; -   Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N—C₁₋₆alkyl, S, SO, SO₂,     CHOR¹⁰, and CHCO₂R¹⁰; -   each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably O; -   R¹ and R³ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and     R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-, wherein at least one of R¹ and R³ is     R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-; -   R⁵ is N(R⁶)LQR⁷; -   R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably     C₁₋₆alkyl; -   R⁷ is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, a protecting group,     aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with     halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, C₁₋₅alkyl; or R⁷ is     selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-,     (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-,     R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH; or -   R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, A-C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, A-C₁₋₆alkyl-A, or     C₁₋₆alkyl-A, preferably C₁₋₂alkyl-Y—C₁₋₂alkyl,     C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl, A-C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl, A-C₁₋₃alkyl-A, or     C₁₋₄alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring; -   R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation,     C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and     C₁₋₆alkyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ together are C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a     ring; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl,     preferably C₁₋₆alkyl; and -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, OR¹⁰, C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl; -   R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen, (R¹⁵O)(R¹⁶O)P(═O)W—, R¹⁵GB—,     heterocyclyl-, (R¹⁷)₂N—, (R¹⁷)₃N⁺—, R¹⁷SO₂GBG-, and R¹⁵GBC₁₋₈alkyl-     where the C₁₋₈alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH,     C₁₋₈alkylW (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably     fluorine), aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and     C₁₋₆aralkyl, preferably at least one occurrence of R¹⁴ is other than     hydrogen; -   R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation,     C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl,     and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and     C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ together are C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a     ring; -   each R¹⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen, OR¹⁰, C₁₋₆alkyl,     C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl; -   provided that when R₆ is H, L is C═O, and Q is absent, R⁷ is not     hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or     heteroaryl; and

D, G, V, K, and W are selected such that there are no O—O, N—O, S—N, or S—O bonds.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R³ are each independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl- wherein at least one of R¹ and R³ is R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-. In preferred embodiments, one of R¹ and

R³ is C₁₋₆aralkyl and the other is R¹⁴DVKOC₁₋₃alkyl-. In the most preferred embodiment, one of R¹ and R³ is 2-phenylethyl or phenylmethyl and the other is R¹⁴DVKOCH₂— or R¹⁴DVKO(CH₃)CH—.

In certain embodiments, each R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments, each R¹⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl.

In certain embodiments, L and Q are absent and R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, a further chain of amino acids, C₁₋₆acyl, a protecting group, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁷ is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.

In other embodiments, L is SO₂, Q is absent, and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is selected from methyl and phenyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-, R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH—. In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is H.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is absent, and L is C═O. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl.

In other embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.

In other embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁷ is aryl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent or O, and R⁷ is —(CH₂)_(n)carbocyclyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.

In certain embodiments, L and A are C═O, Q is absent, Z is O, and R⁷ is selected from R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZA-C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, and heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R¹²)(R¹³), wherein R¹² and R¹³ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl, thereby forming a ring.

In certain preferred embodiments, L is C═O, Q is absent, and R⁷ is selected from (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂NC₁₋₈alkyl, (R¹⁰)₃N⁺(CH₂)_(n)—, and heterocyclyl-M-. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is —C₁₋₈alkylN⁺(R¹⁰)₂ or —C₁₋₈alkylN⁺(R¹⁰)₃, where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆alkyl. In certain other such embodiments, R⁷ is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.

In certain embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH and R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C₁₋₆araalkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaraalkyl. In other embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, where C₁₋₆alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl. In further embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl, where aralkyl is phenylmethyl. In other embodiments, L is C═O, R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Q is selected from O and NH, and R⁷ is C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, where heteroaralkyl is (4-pyridyl)methyl.

In certain embodiments, L is absent or is C═O, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₆alkyl, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring. In certain preferred embodiments, L is C═O, Q and Y are absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and Q are absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L is C═O, Q is absent, Y is selected from NH and N—C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L is C═O, Y is absent, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₃alkyl-Y—C₁₋₃alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and A are C═O, and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₂alkyl-ZA-C₁₋₂alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, L and A are C═O and R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₂₋₃alkyl-A.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is (R¹⁵O)(R¹⁶O)P(═O)W—. In certain such embodiments, D, V, K, and W are absent. In other such embodiments, V and K are absent, D is C₁₋₈alkyl, and W is O. In yet other such embodiments, D is C₁₋₈alkyl, K is C═O, and V and W are O.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is R¹⁵GB—. In preferred embodiments, B is C═O, G is O, D is C₁₋₈alkyl, V is O, and K is C═O.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is heterocyclyl-. In preferred such embodiments, D is C₁₋₈alkyl. In certain such embodiments, V is O, K is C═O, and heterocyclyl is oxodioxolenyl. In other such embodiments, V is absent, K is absent or is C═O, and heterocyclyl is N(R¹⁸)(R¹⁹), where R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are J-T-J, J-WB-J, or B-J-T-J, T is absent or is selected from O, NR¹⁷, S, SO, SO₂, CHOR¹⁷, CHCO₂R¹⁵, C═O, CF₂, and CHF, and J is absent or is C₁₋₃alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is (R¹⁷)₂N— or (R¹⁷)₃N⁺—, and preferably V is absent. In preferred such embodiments, D is C₁₋₈alkyl and K is absent or C═O. In certain embodiments where V is absent and R¹⁴ is (R¹⁷)₂N—, D is absent K is absent or is C═O, preferably K is C═O.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is R¹⁷SO₂GBG-. In preferred such embodiments, B is C═O, D, V, and K are absent, and G is NH or NC₁₋₆alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁴ is R¹⁵GBC₁₋₈alkyl-. In preferred embodiments, B is C═O, G is O, and the C₁₋₈alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH, C₁₋₈alkyl (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably fluorine), C₁₋₈alkylW, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl. In certain such embodiments, the C₁₋₈alkyl moiety is an unsubstituted, mono-, or disubstituted C₁alkyl.

Group 5

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (10) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

L is absent or is selected from —CO₂ or —C(═S)O;

X is O;

Y is NH, N-alkyl, O, or C(R⁹)₂, preferably N-alkyl, O, or C(R⁹)₂;

Z is O or C(R⁹)₂, preferably C(R⁹)₂;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (11), preferably, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, more preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen;

each R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, alkyl, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl and each R⁹ is hydrogen, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl, R⁵ and R⁷ are independently C₁₋₆aralkyl and each R⁹ is H;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, or R¹² and R¹³ together represent C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a ring;

m is an integer from 0 to 2; and

n is an integer from 0 to 2, preferably 0 or 1.

In certain embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen. In certain such embodiments, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁵ and R⁷ are independently C₁₋₆aralkyl.

In certain preferred embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen, R⁶ and R⁸ are both isobutyl, R⁵ is phenylethyl, and R⁷ is phenylmethyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, alkyl, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether. In certain embodiments, at least one of R⁵ and R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl substituted with alkyl, more preferably substituted with perhaloalkyl. In certain such embodiments, R⁷ is C₁₋₆aralkyl substituted with trifluoromethyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is selected from N-alkyl, O, and CH₂. In certain such embodiments, Z is CH₂, and m and n are both 0. In certain alternative such embodiments, Z is CH₂, m is O, and n is 2 or 3. In yet another alternative such embodiments, Z is O, m is 1, and n is 2.

Group 6

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (12) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

where X is O; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (11), preferably, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, more preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen; and

R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁵ and R⁷ are independently C₁₋₆aralkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen. In certain such embodiments, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁵ and R⁷ are independently C₁₋₆aralkyl.

In certain preferred embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen, R⁶ and R⁸ are both isobutyl, R⁵ is phenylethyl, and R⁷ is phenylmethyl. In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (12) has the following stereochemistry:

In certain preferred embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (13) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

X is O;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (11), preferably, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, more preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen; and

R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen. In certain such embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl.

In certain preferred embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen, and R⁶ and R⁸ are both isobutyl.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (13) has the following structure:

Group 7

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (14) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

wherein

X is O;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of formula II, preferably, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, more preferably R¹, R², R³, and

R⁴ are all hydrogen;

R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁵ and R⁷ are independently C₁₋₆aralkyl; and

q is an integer from 0 to 3.

In certain preferred embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (15) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

X is O;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen and a group of Formula (15), preferably, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, more preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen;

R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl; and

q is an integer from 0 to 3.

In certain embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all the same, preferably R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen. In certain such embodiments, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, more preferably, R⁶ and R⁸ are independently C₁₋₆alkyl.

In certain preferred embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen, and R⁶ and R⁸ are both isobutyl.

The term “C_(x-y)alkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted saturated hydrocarbon groups, including straight-chain alkyl and branched-chain alkyl groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, etc. C₀alkyl indicates a hydrogen where the group is in a terminal position, a bond if internal. The terms “C_(2-y)alkenyl” and “C_(2-y)alkynyl” refer to substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxy.

The term “C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₆alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, thereby forming an ether.

The term “C₁₋₆aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to a C₁₋₆alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by the general formulae:

wherein R⁹, R¹⁰ and R^(10′) each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R⁸, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure; R⁸ represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl or a polycyclyl; and m is zero or an integer from 1 to 8. In preferred embodiments, only one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R⁹, R¹⁰, and the nitrogen together do not form an imide. In even more preferred embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ (and optionally R^(10′)) each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or —(CH₂)_(m)—R⁸. In certain embodiments, the amino group is basic, meaning the protonated form has a pK_(a)≧7.00.

The terms “amide” and “amido” are art-recognized as an amino-substituted carbonyl and includes a moiety that can be represented by the general formula:

wherein R⁹, R¹⁰ are as defined above. Preferred embodiments of the amide will not include imides which may be unstable.

The term “aryl” as used herein includes 5-, 6-, and 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Aryl groups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, and the like.

The terms “carbocycle” and “carbocyclyl”, as used herein, refer to a non-aromatic substituted or unsubstituted ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon. The terms “carbocycle” and “carbocyclyl” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is carbocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.

The term “carbonyl” is art-recognized and includes such moieties as can be represented by the general formula:

wherein X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R¹¹ represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R⁸ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, R^(11′) represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R⁸, where m and R⁸ are as defined above. Where X is an oxygen and R¹¹ or R^(11′) is not hydrogen, the formula represents an “ester”. Where X is an oxygen, and R¹¹ is a hydrogen, the formula represents a “carboxylic acid”.

As used herein, “enzyme” can be any partially or wholly proteinaceous molecule which carries out a chemical reaction in a catalytic manner. Such enzymes can be native enzymes, fusion enzymes, proenzymes, apoenzymes, denatured enzymes, farnesylated enzymes, ubiquitinated enzymes, fatty acylated enzymes, gerangeranylated enzymes, GPI-linked enzymes, lipid-linked enzymes, prenylated enzymes, naturally-occurring or artificially-generated mutant enzymes, enzymes with side chain or backbone modifications, enzymes having leader sequences, and enzymes complexed with non-proteinaceous material, such as proteoglycans, proteoliposomes. Enzymes can be made by any means, including natural expression, promoted expression, cloning, various solution-based and solid-based peptide syntheses, and similar methods known to those of skill in the art.

The term “C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl”, as used herein, refers to a C₁₋₆alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

The terms “heteroaryl” includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic 5- to 7-membered ring structures, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. The term “heteroaryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, isoxazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

The terms “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic group” refer to substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic 3- to 10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. The term terms “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic group” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.

The term “C₁₋₆heterocycloalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a C₁₋₆alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclyl group.

The term “C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₆alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group.

As used herein, the term “inhibitor” is meant to describe a compound that blocks or reduces an activity of an enzyme (for example, inhibition of proteolytic cleavage of standard fluorogenic peptide substrates). An inhibitor can act with competitive, uncompetitive, or noncompetitive inhibition. An inhibitor can bind reversibly or irreversibly, and therefore the term includes compounds that are suicide substrates of an enzyme. An inhibitor can modify one or more sites on or near the active site of the enzyme, or it can cause a conformational change elsewhere on the enzyme.

As used herein, the term “peptide” includes not only standard amide linkage with standard α-substituents, but commonly utilized peptidomimetics, other modified linkages, non-naturally occurring side chains, and side chain modifications, as detailed below.

The terms “polycyclyl” or “polycyclic” refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “preventing” is art-recognized, and when used in relation to a condition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition, is well understood in the art, and includes administration of a composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which does not receive the composition. Thus, prevention of cancer includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to an untreated control population, and/or delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by a statistically and/or clinically significant amount. Prevention of an infection includes, for example, reducing the number of diagnoses of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population, and/or delaying the onset of symptoms of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population. Prevention of pain includes, for example, reducing the magnitude of, or alternatively delaying, pain sensations experienced by subjects in a treated population versus an untreated control population.

The term “prodrug” encompasses compounds that, under physiological conditions, are converted into therapeutically active agents. A common method for making a prodrug is to include selected moieties that are hydrolyzed under physiological conditions to reveal the desired molecule. In other embodiments, the prodrug is converted by an enzymatic activity of the host animal.

The term “prophylactic or therapeutic” treatment is art-recognized and includes administration to the host of one or more of the subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is prophylactic, (i.e., it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).

The term “proteasome” as used herein is meant to include immuno- and constitutive proteasomes.

The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Substituents can include, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound with respect to the subject method of treatment, refers to an amount of the compound(s) in a preparation which, when administered as part of a desired dosage regimen (to a mammal, preferably a human) alleviates a symptom, ameliorates a condition, or slows the onset of disease conditions according to clinically acceptable standards for the disorder or condition to be treated or the cosmetic purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.

The term “thioether” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, having a sulfur moiety attached thereto. In preferred embodiments, the “thioether” is represented by —S-alkyl. Representative thioether groups include methylthio, ethylthio, and the like.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” includes reversing, reducing, or arresting the symptoms, clinical signs, and underlying pathology of a condition in manner to improve or stabilize a subject's condition.

Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is an HDAC inhibitor (e.g., Trichostatin A, depsipeptide, apicidin, A-161906, scriptaid, PXD-101, CHAP, butyric acid, depudecin, oxamflatin, phenylbutyrate, valproic acid, SAHA (Vorinostat), MS275 (N-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-[N-(pyridine-3-ylmethoxy-carbonyl)aminomethyl]benzamide), LAQ824/LBH589, CI994, and MGCD0103). In certain such embodiments, the other agent is SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid).

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is an antibiotic (e.g., dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin and idarubicin). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent comprises doxorubicin. In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is Doxil.

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is a taxane (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel).

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is an antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as a nitrogen mustard (e.g., mechlorethamine, ifosphamide, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, and chlorambucil). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide or melphalan.

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is a platinum coordination complex (e.g., cisplatin and carboplatin). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is carboplatin.

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is a steroid (e.g., hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone and prednisolone). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is dexamethasone.

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is an immunomodulator (e.g., thalidomide, CC-4047 (Actimid), and lenalidomide (Revlimid). In certain such embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is lenalidomide.

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is a topoisomerase inhibitor (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, lamellarin D, and etoposide).

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is an m-TOR inhibitor (e.g., CCI-779, AP23573 and RAD-001).

In certain embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is a protein kinase inhibitor (e.g., sorafenib, imatinib, dasatinib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and nilotinib). In certain such embodiments, the protein kinase inhibitor is sorafenib.

Administration of the peptide epoxyketone may precede or follow the other therapeutic agent by intervals ranging from minutes to days. In certain such embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be administered within about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, or even about 48 hours or more of one another. Preferably, administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 30 minutes, or even about 60 minutes of one another.

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be administered according to different dosing schedules (e.g., the peptide epoxyketone, for example may be administered once a day while the other therapeutic agent may be administered only once every three weeks) such that in some instances administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within about 60 minutes of one another, while in other instances, administration of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent will be within days or even weeks of one another.

As used herein, the term “regimen” is a predetermined schedule of one or more therapeutic agents for the treatment of a cancer. Accordingly, when a therapeutic agent is administered “alone,” the regimen does not include the use of another therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.

In certain embodiments, combinations as described herein may be synergistic in nature, meaning that the therapeutic effect of the combination of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent(s) is greater than the sum of the individual effects.

In certain embodiments, combinations as described herein may be additive in nature, meaning that the therapeutic effect of the combination of the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent(s) is greater than the effect of each agent individually (i.e., the therapeutic effect is the sum of the individual effects).

Compounds described herein can be administered in various forms, depending on the disorder to be treated and the age, condition, and body weight of the patient, as is well known in the art. For example, where the compounds are to be administered orally, they may be formulated as tablets, capsules, granules, powders, or syrups; or for parenteral administration, they may be formulated as injections (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous), or drop infusion preparations. These formulations can be prepared by conventional means, and if desired, the active ingredient may be mixed with any conventional additive or excipient, such as a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a corrigent, a solubilizing agent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying agent, a coating agent, a cyclodextrin, and/or a buffer. The dosage will vary depending on the symptoms, age and body weight of the patient, the nature and severity of the disorder to be treated or prevented, the route of administration and the form of the drug. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.

In one embodiment, the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition that includes a practically insoluble proteasome inhibitor, a cyclodextrin and optionally a buffer. Such pharmaceutical compositions typically include a pharmaceutically effective amount of the proteasome inhibitor, e.g., which ameliorates the effects of cancer, when administered to a patient.

In certain embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be in the same form (e.g., both may be administered as tablets or both may be administered intravenously) while in certain alternative embodiments, the peptide epoxyketone and the other therapeutic agent may be in different forms (e.g. one may be administered as a tablet while the other is administered intravenously).

The precise time of administration and/or amount of the composition that will yield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of treatment in a given patient will depend upon the activity, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of a particular compound, physiological condition of the patient (including age, sex, disease type and stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type of medication), route of administration, etc. However, the above guidelines can be used as the basis for fine-tuning the treatment, e.g., determining the optimum time and/or amount of administration, which will require no more than routine experimentation consisting of monitoring the subject and adjusting the dosage and/or timing.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those ligands, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, and substituted or unsubstituted β-cyclodextrin; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are non-pyrogenic, i.e., do not induce significant temperature elevations when administered to a patient.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the inhibitor(s). These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the inhibitor(s), or by separately reacting a purified inhibitor(s) in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate salts, and amino acid salts, and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19.)

In other cases, the inhibitors useful in the methods of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic inorganic and organic base addition salts of an inhibitor(s). These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the inhibitor(s), or by separately reacting the purified inhibitor(s) in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts, and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., supra).

Wetting agents, emulsifiers, and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert matrix, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouthwashes, and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of an inhibitor(s) as an active ingredient. A composition may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.

In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, cyclodextrins, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, acetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered inhibitor(s) moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills, and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes, and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents, and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active inhibitor(s) may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more inhibitors(s) in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include tonicity-adjusting agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. For example, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of inhibitor(s) in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection, and infusion.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,” “peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as used herein mean the administration of a ligand, drug, or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.

Administration of the therapeutic compositions of the present invention to a patient will follow general protocols for the administration of chemotherapeutics, taking into account the toxicity, if any. It is expected that the treatment cycles would be repeated as necessary. It also is contemplated that various standard therapies or adjunct cancer therapies, as well as surgical intervention, may be applied in combination with the described arsenical agent.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the inhibitor(s), which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention. These examples should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

Uses of Compounds

Orderly protein degradation is crucial to the maintenance of normal cell functions, and the proteasome is integral to the protein degradation process. The proteasome controls the levels of proteins that are important for cell-cycle progression and apoptosis in normal and malignant cells; for example, cyclins, caspases, BCL2 and nF-kB (Kumatori et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:7071-7075; Almond et al., Leukemia (2002) 16: 433-443). Thus, it is not surprising that inhibiting proteasome activity can translate into therapies to treat various disease states, such as malignant, non-malignant and autoimmune diseases, depending on the cells involved.

Chemotherapeutic agents are drugs that are used in the treatment of diseases where killing the aberrant cell is warranted, such as autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Although the mechanism by which each category of chemotherapeutic agent may differ, they generally function by disrupting a cell's ability to proliferate.

In accordance with the invention, a peptide epoxyketone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents can be used in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers and auto-immune diseases.

As used herein, the term “cancer” includes, but is not limited to, blood born and solid tumors. Cancer refers to disease of blood, bone, organs, skin tissue and the vascular system, including, but not limited to, cancers of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, cervix, chest, colon, endrometrium, esophagus, eye, head, kidney, liver, lung, lymph nodes, mouth, neck, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, rectum, renal, skin, stomach, testis, throat, and uterus. Specific cancers include, but are not limited to, leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute lyelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), hairy cell leukemia), mature B cell neoplasms (small lymphocytic lymphoma, B cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as Waldenström's macroglobulinemia), splenic marginal zone lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, heavy chain diseases, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL), follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse B cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia), mature T cell and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms (T cell prolymphocytic leukemia, T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia, aggressive NK cell leukemia, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma, blastic NK cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (Sezary syndrome), primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, unspecified peripheral T cell lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma), Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular sclerosis, mixed celluarity, lymphocyte-rich, lymphocyte depleted or not depleted, nodular lymphocyte-predominant), myeloma (multiple myeloma, indolent myeloma, smoldering myeloma), chronic myeloproliferative disease (CMPD) (such as chronic myelogenous leukaemia, chronic neutrophilic leukaemia, chronic eosinophilic leukaemia, polycythaemia vera, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythaemia and unclassifiable chronic myeloproliferative disease), myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease (such as chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia and unclassifiable myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (such as refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, refractory anemia with excess blasts, unclassifiable myelodysplastic syndrome and myelodysplastic syndrome associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality), immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms, mastocytosis (such as cutaneous mastocytosis, indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM), systemic mastocytosis with associated clonal haematological non-mast-cell-lineage disease (SM-AHNMD), aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), mast cell sarcoma (MCS) and extrcutaneous mastocytoma), chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, myeloma bone disease, osteosarcoma, breast cancer (hormone dependent, hormone independent), gynecological cancers (cervical, endometrial, fallopian tube, gestational trophoblastic disease, ovarian, peritoneal, uterine, vaginal and vulvar), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant melanoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, astrocytoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, oligodendrogliomas, ependymoma, glioblastoma multiforme, mixed gliomas, oligoastrocytomas, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, germinoma, teratoma, malignant mesothelioma (peritoneal mesothelioma, pericardial mesothelioma, pleural mesothelioma), gastro-entero-pancreatic or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid, pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET), colorectal adenocarcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, aggressive neuroendocrine tumor, leiomyosarcomamucinous adenocarcinoma, Signet Ring cell adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, hemangioma, hepatic adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia (nodular regenerative hyperplasia, hamartoma), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (squamous cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell lung carcinoma), small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, prostate cancer (hormone refractory, androgen independent, androgen dependent, hormone-insensitive), and soft tissue sarcomas (fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous hystiocytoma, dermatofibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma leiomyosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor/neurofibrosarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma).

An “autoimmune disease” as used herein is a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues. Examples of autoimmune diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammatory responses such as inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and dermatitis (e.g. atopic dermatitis); systemic scleroderma and sclerosis; responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); respiratory distress syndrome (including adult respiratory distress syndrome; ARDS); dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; colitis; glomerulonephritis; allergic conditions such as eczema and asthma and other conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses; atherosclerosis; leukocyte adhesion deficiency; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); diabetes mellitus (e.g. Type I diabetes mellitus or insulin dependent diabetes mellitis); multiple sclerosis; Reynaud's syndrome; autoimmune thyroiditis; allergic encephalomyelitis; Sjorgen's syndrome; juvenile onset diabetes; and immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes typically found in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, polymyositis, granulomatosis and vasculitis; pernicious anemia (Addison's disease); diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis; central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorder; multiple organ injury syndrome; hemolytic anemia (including, but not limited to cryoglobinemia or Coombs positive anemia); myasthenia gravis; antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases; anti-glomerular basement membrane disease; antiphospholipid syndrome; allergic neuritis; Graves' disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; pemphigoid bullous; pemphigus; autoinimune polyendocrinopathies; Reiter's disease; stiff-man syndrome; Beheet disease; giant cell arteritis; immune complex nephritis; IgA nephropathy; IgM polyneuropathies; immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or autoimmune thrombocytopenia.

In certain embodiments the cancer is a hematological cancer selected from mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), T-cell lymphomas or leukemias (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphoma associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)), acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia (e.g., acute monocytic leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., chronic B cell leukemia), chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (e.g., Burkitt's lymphoma), myeloma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from multiple myeloma and lymphoma.

In certain embodiments the cancer is a solid tumor, neuroblastoma, or melanoma selected from mesothelioma, brain neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, glioma, Wilms' tumor, bone cancer and soft-tissue sarcomas, head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal and esophageal), genitourinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular, rectal and colon), lung cancer (e.g., small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, basal cell carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (both ulcerating and papillary type), stomach cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, adrenal cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, medullary carcinoma, osteosarcoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from ovarian cancer (e.g., ovarian adenocarcinoma), non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Also included are pediatric forms of any of the cancers described herein. This invention also provides a method for the treatment of drug resistant tumors. In certain embodiments, the drug resistant tumor is multiple myeloma.

With the term “drug resistant” is meant a condition which demonstrates intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance. With “intrinsic resistance” is meant the characteristic expression profile in cancer cells of key genes in relevant pathways, including but not limited to apoptosis, cell progression and DNA repair, which contributes to the more rapid growth ability of cancerous cells when compared to their normal counterparts. With “acquired resistance” is meant a multifactorial phenomenon occurring in tumor formation and progression that can influence the sensitivity of cancer cells to a drug. Acquired resistance may be due to several mechanisms such as but not limited to; alterations in drug-targets, decreased drug accumulation, alteration of intracellular drug distribution, reduced drug-target interaction, increased detoxification response, cell-cycle deregulation, increased damaged-DNA repair, and reduced apoptotic response. Several of said mechanisms can occur simultaneously and/or may interact with each other. Their activation and/or inactivation can be due to genetic or epigenetic events or to the presence of oncoviral proteins. Acquired resistance can occur to individual drugs but can also occur more broadly to many different drugs with different chemical structures and different mechanisms of action. This form of resistance is called multidrug resistance.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of one or more chemotherapeutic agents and proteasome inhibitor compositions disclosed herein for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, including, but not limited to, stroke, ischemic damage to the nervous system, neural trauma (e.g., percussive brain damage, spinal cord injury, and traumatic damage to the nervous system), multiple sclerosis and other immune-mediated neuropathies (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome and its variants, acute motor axonal neuropathy, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and Fisher Syndrome), HIV/AIDS dementia complex, axonomy, diabetic neuropathy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral meningitis, encephalitis, vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontal lobe dementia such as Pick's disease, subcortical dementias (such as Huntington or progressive supranuclear palsy), focal cortical atrophy syndromes (such as primary aphasia), metabolic-toxic dementias (such as chronic hypothyroidism or B12 deficiency), and dementias caused by infections (such as syphilis or chronic meningitis).

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1

Immunocompromised mice (BNX, Charles River Laboratories) were challenged with subcutaneous administration of RL human lymphoma cells (1×10⁷/mouse) on the right flank in a total volume of 0.1 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS). When tumors were approximately 50 mm³ in size (as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 1), mice were randomized to treatment groups (9 mice/group). Compound 1 was administered intravenously (IV) in a solution of 10% (w/v) sulfobutylether-betacyclodextrin in aqueous 10 mM citrate buffer pH 3.5. Administration was given on Days 1 and 2 each week. SAHA was formulated in 100% DMSO and administered intraperiotoneally (IP) on Days 1-5 each week. ***=P<0.001 (Compound 1+SAHA vs. Vehicle) by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons.

Example 2

Cell Lines and Reagents: The human lymphoma (RL), non-small cell lung (A549) and colon (HT-29) tumor cell lines were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.).

The HDAC inhibitor vorinostat was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Mich.). Docetexel was purchased from Sigma Chemicals (Ann Arbor, Mich.). Doxil prescription was purchased from a local pharmacy.

Toxicity Studies: 4-6 weeks old female BNX mice were treated with chemotherapeutic agents of multiple classes as monotherapy or in combination with carfilzomib. Two weeks toxicity studies were performed at doses and dose schedules as mentioned in the figure legend. Toxicity was measured as body weight loss three times a week.

Xenograft studies: Tumors were established by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of cell lines (passage number<9 and viability>95% at the time of implantation) in the right flank of BNX mice (n=8/9 per group). RL (0.1 mL) cell suspensions containing 1×10⁷ cells. 5×10⁶ cell suspension (0.1 mL) were injected in case of HT-29, ES2 and A549 cells. Mice were randomized into treatment groups and dosing initiated when tumors size was approximately 100 mm³. In all treatment groups, tumors were measured three times weekly by recording the longest perpendicular diameters and tumor volumes were calculated using the equation V (mm³)=(length×width)/2.

Statistical analysis: For comparisons of treatment groups, a two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis using GraphPad Prism Software (version 4.01) was performed. Statistical significance was achieved when p<0.05.

Compound 1 in combination with Doxil was well tolerated with clinically relevant dose schedule at MTD 10 mg/kg Doxil→Q7D(iv) and MTD 5 mg/kg carfilzomib→QDx2(iv). The dose schedule as shown in FIG. 2A was Doxil day 1 (iv), after one hour Compound 1 day 1, 2 (iv). A two weeks toxicity study was performed in BNX mice and body weight loss was assessed (n=5) as shown in FIG. 2B where the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Doxil as single agent in BNX mice was 20 mg/kg while the MTD of Doxil in combination with Compound 1 (5 mg/kg) at tested dose schedule was 10 mg/kg.

% Body weight loss Doxil (iv) (2 weeks) Combination Dose Schedule Weight loss (%) None 10 mg/kg Q7D 10 Compound 1 (5 mg/kg) 10 mg/kg Q7D 16 None 20 mg/kg Q7D 15

Compound 1 at MTD (5 mg/kg) and sub-MTD of Doxil (3 mg/kg) (n=10/group) on established HT29 colorectal xenograft model shows increased anti-tumor activity, (Combination treatment ***p<0.001 vs. control or carfilzomib alone; **p<0.01 vs. Doxil alone) as shown in FIG. 3 (arrow indicates start of dosing period). Similar observations were noted on established A549 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model. (Combination treatment ***p<0.001 vs. control or Doxil alone; No significance vs. carfilzomib alone) as shown in FIG. 4 (arrow indicates start of dosing period).

Compound 1 in combination with docetaxel was well tolerated with clinically relevant dose schedule at MTD 10 mg/kg docetaxel→Q7D (iv) and MTD 5 mg/kg of Compound 1→QDx2(iv). The dose schedule as shown in FIG. 5A was docetaxel day 1 (iv), after one hour Compound 1 day 1, 2 (iv). A two weeks toxicity study was then performed in BNX mice and body weight loss was assessed (n=5) where the MTD of docetaxel in combination with carfilzomib at this dose schedule was 10 mg/kg.

% Body weight loss Docetaxel (iv) (2 weeks) Combination Dose Schedule Weight loss (%) None 10 mg/kg Q7D None Compound 1 10 mg/kg Q7D 16

A combination of Compound 1 at MTD (5 mg/kg) and sub-MTD of docetaxel (5 mg/kg) (n=10/group) on established A549 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model, (Combination treatment ***p<0.001 vs. control; **p<0.05 vs. carfilzomib alone, NS vs docetaxel) as shown in FIG. 6 (arrow indicates start of dosing period). A combination of Compound 1 at sub-MTD (3 mg/kg) and sub-MTD of docetaxel (5 mg/kg) (n=10/group) on established A549 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model, (Combination treatment ***p<0.001 vs. control; **p<0.01 vs. carfilzomib and docetaxel) is shown in FIG. 7 (arrow indicates start of dosing period).

A combination of Compound 1 and vorinistat was well tolerated with clinically relevant dose schedule at 50 mg/kg QDx5 vorinostat (ip) and MTD 5 mg/kg Compound 1→QDx2(iv). The MTD of vorinostat was not determined. Vorinostat was administered day 1-5 (ip), after one hour Compound 1 day 1, 2 (iv) as shown in FIG. 8A. Compound 1 and vorinostat treatment in BNX mice toxicity, as measured by body weight loss (BWL), was similar amongst the treatment groups suggesting that the combination was well tolerated in experimental animals (FIG. 8B).

The effect of the combination of Compound 1 (3 mg/kg) and vorinostat (50 mg/kg) (n=8/group) on established RL tumors is shown in FIG. 9 (arrow indicates start of dosing period). The effect of the combination of Compound 1 (3 mg/kg) and vorinostat (50 mg/kg) (n=8/group) on established ES2 tumors. **, P<0.01; and ***, P<0.001 vs monotherapy and vehicle is shown in FIG. 10 (arrow indicates start of dosing period).

Compound 1 treatment was well tolerated in combination with a histone deacytelase inhibitor (vorinostat), a microtubule disrupting agent (docetaxel) and an anthracycline (Doxil) at clinically relevant dose schedules for each individual agent. The combination of Compound 1 and vorinostat resulted in a significant reduction in lymphoma (RL) tumor growth compared to vehicle controls or treatment with either single agent (p<0.001 vs. control; p<0.01 vs. Compound 1 or vorinostat alone). The combination of Compound 1 and docetaxel resulted in a significant reduction in A549 tumor growth compared to vehicle controls or treatment with either single agent (p<0.001 vs. control; p<0.01 vs. carfilzomib or docetaxel alone). Similar observations were noted in the HT-29 xenograft model where a Compound 1 and Doxil combination significantly reduced tumor burden (p<0.001 vs. control or carfilzomib alone; p<0.01 vs. Doxil alone). Compound 1 and Doxil at sub-MTD doses shows a synergistic anti-tumor effect in solid tumor model. Similarly, Compound 1 in combination with docetaxel at sub-MTD doses induced a synergistic anti-tumor effect in human lung cancer model. Compound 1 in combination with vorinostat induced a synergistic anti-tumor effect in lymphoma model. Compound 1 in combination with vorinostat indicated an effective anti-tumor property in ovarian cancer model.

Example 3

Compound 1 was tested at 6.58 nM in combination with melphalan at four different doses: 11.1, 7.4, 4.9 and 3.3 μM. MM1.S (multiply myeloma, dexamethasone sensitive) cells were plated at 200,000 cells/mL in 45 μL then pretreated with melphalan for 24 hours. Compound 1 was then added and the cells were incubated for an additional 24 hours at 6.58 nM. A 1:1 ratio of Cell titer glo solution was then added to the cell samples and read for viability. Combination index values were calculated using the Calcusyn program where values<0.9=synergy, 0.9-1.0=additive and >1.1=antagonistic. Results indicate that Compound 1 and melphalan show synergistic and additive effects at these concentrations as shown in FIG. 11.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the compounds and methods of use thereof described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the following claims.

All of the above-cited references and publications are hereby incorporated by reference. 

1. A method for treating cancer, comprising administering a peptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and one or more other therapeutic agents, wherein the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone.
 2. A method of claim 1, wherein the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein each A is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂; or A is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of Z; L is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂; M is absent or is C₁₋₁₂alkyl; Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl; X is O; Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N—C₁₋₆alkyl, S, SO, SO₂, CHOR¹⁰, and CHCO₂R¹⁰; each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl; or Z is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of A; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are each independently selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl; R⁵ is N(R⁶)LQR⁷; R⁶, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, and C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₃N—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-, R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH; or R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl, ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl, ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring; R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, or R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ together represent C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a ring; provided that when R⁶, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are H or CH₃, and Q is absent, LR⁷ is not hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkylC═O, a further chain of amino acids, t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl(trityl), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc); or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl; and in any occurrence of the sequence ZAZ, at least one member of the sequence must be other than a covalent bond.
 3. A method of claim 1, wherein the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (4), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein each A is independently selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂; or A is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of Z; L is absent or is selected from C═O, C═S, and SO₂; M is absent or is C₁₋₁₂alkyl; Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl; X is O; Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N—C₁₋₆alkyl, S, SO, SO₂, CHOR¹⁰, and CHCO₂R¹⁰; each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N—C₁₋₆alkyl; or Z is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of A; R² and R⁴ are each independently selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl; R⁵ is N(R⁶)LQR⁷; R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C₁₋₆alkyl, preferably C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R¹¹Z—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, R⁸ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R⁸O)(R⁹O)P(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₂N—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-, (R¹⁰)₃N—C₁₋₁₂alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-, R¹¹SO₂C₁₋₈alkyl-, and R¹¹SO₂NH; or R⁶ and R⁷ together are C₁₋₆alkyl-Y—C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl, ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl, ZAZ—C₁₋₆alkyl-ZAZ, or C₁₋₆alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring; R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; and R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₆alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆aralkyl, and C₁₋₆heteroaralkyl, provided that when R⁶ is H or CH₃ and Q is absent, LR⁷ is not hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkylC═O, a further chain of amino acids, t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl(trityl), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc); or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl; and in any occurrence of the sequence ZAZ, at least one member of the sequence must be other than a covalent bond.
 4. A method of claim 1, wherein the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (10), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein L is absent or is selected from —CO₂ or —C(═S)O; X is O; Y is NH, N-alkyl, O, or C(R⁹)₂; Z is O or C(R⁹)₂; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen; each R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, alkyl, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, or R¹² and R¹³ together represent C₁₋₆alkyl, thereby forming a ring; m is an integer from 0 to 2; and n is an integer from 0 to
 2. 5. A method of claim 1, wherein the peptide epoxyketone has a structure of Formula (12), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

where X is O; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are all hydrogen; and R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C₁₋₆aralkyl, wherein substituents may include, but are not limited to, amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether.
 6. A method of claim 1, wherein the peptide epoxyketone has the following structure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:


7. A method of claim 1, wherein the effects of the peptide epoxyketone and the one or more other therapeutic agents are synergistic.
 8. A method of claim 1, wherein the effects of the peptide epoxyketone and the one or more other therapeutic agents are additive.
 9. A method of claim 1, wherein the peptide epoxyketone and the one or more other therapeutic agents are administered simultaneously.
 10. A method of claim 1, wherein the one or more other therapeutic agents are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 48 hours prior to or after administration of the peptide epoxyketone.
 11. A method of claim 10, wherein the one or more other therapeutic agents are administered within about 5 minutes to within about 1 hour prior to or after administration of the peptide epoxyketone.
 12. A method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected from hematological malignancies, solid tumors, neuroblastoma, or melanoma.
 13. A method of claim 12, wherein the cancer is selected from mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), T-cell lymphomas or leukemias (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphoma associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)), acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia (e.g., acute monocytic leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., chronic B cell leukemia), chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (e.g., Burkitt's lymphoma), myeloma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndrome.
 14. A method of claim 12, wherein the cancer is selected from multiple myeloma and lymphoma.
 15. A method of claim 12, wherein the cancer is selected from mesothelioma, brain neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, glioma, Wilms' tumor, bone cancer and soft-tissue sarcomas, head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal and esophageal), genitourinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular, rectal, and colon), lung cancer (e.g., small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, basal cell carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (both ulcerating and papillary type), stomach cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, adrenal cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, medullary carcinoma, osteosarcoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
 16. A method of claim 15, wherein the cancer is selected from ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
 17. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is an HDAC inhibitor.
 18. A method of claim 17, wherein the HDAC inhibitor is selected from trichostatin A, depsipeptide, apicidin, A-161906, scriptaid, PXD-101, CHAP, butyric acid, depudecin, oxamflatin, phenylbutyrate, valproic acid, SAHA (Vorinostat), MS275 (N-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-[N-(pyridine-3-ylmethoxy-carbonyl)aminomethyl]benzamide), LAQ824/LBH589, C1994, and MGCD0103.
 19. A method of claim 18, wherein the HDAC inhibitor is SAHA.
 20. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is an antibiotic.
 21. A method of claim 20, wherein the antibiotic is selected from dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin and idarubicin.
 22. A method of claim 21, wherein the antibiotic comprises doxorubicin.
 23. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is a taxane.
 24. A method of claim 23, wherein the taxane is selected from paclitaxel and docetaxel.
 25. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is an antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents.
 26. A method of claim 25, wherein the antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agent is a nitrogen mustard.
 27. A method of claim 26, wherein the nitrogen mustard is selected from mechlorethamine, ifosphamide, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, and chlorambucil.
 28. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is a platinum coordination complex.
 29. A method of claim 28, wherein the platinum coordination complex is selected from cisplatin and carboplatin.
 30. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is a steroid.
 31. A method of claim 30, wherein the steroid is selected from hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone and prednisolone.
 32. A method of claim 31, wherein the steroid is dexamethasone.
 33. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is an immunomodulator.
 34. A method of claim 33, wherein the immunomodulator is selected from thalidomide, CC-4047 (Actimid), and lenalidomide (Revlimid).
 35. A method of claim 34, wherein the immunomodulator is lenalidomide.
 36. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is a topoisomerase inhibitor.
 37. A method of claim 36, wherein the topoisomerase inhibitor is selected from irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, lamellarin D, and etoposide.
 38. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is an m-TOR inhibitor.
 39. A method of claim 38, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is selected from CCI-779, AP23573 and RAD-001.
 40. A method of claim 1, wherein the other therapeutic agent is a protein kinase inhibitor.
 41. A method of claim 40, wherein the protein kinase inhibitor is selected from sorafenib, imatinib, dasatinib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and nilotinib.
 42. A method of claim 41, wherein the protein kinase inhibitor is sorafenib.
 43. A method for treating autoimmune diseases, comprising administering a peptide epoxyketone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and one or more other therapeutic agents, wherein the combination shows efficacy that is greater than the efficacy of either agent being administered alone. 